La resección transuretral de próstata bajo anestesia local y sedación es segura y bien tolerada / Transurethral resection of the prostate under local anesthesia-sedation

El actual envejecimiento de la población comporta un incremento del número de varones afectados de hiperplasia benigna de próstata (HBP) con diversas enfermedades asociadas que limitan su tratamiento quirúrgico. Por otra parte, la creación de nuevas unidades de cirugía mayor ambulatoria (CMA) en España es un hecho imparable, pues cada vez es mayor el número de servicios de urología que se integran en este sistema organizativo de la asistencia quirúrgica. Con este estudio pretendemos poner de manifiesto la eficacia y seguridad del empleo de anestesia local y sedación para el tratamiento endoscópico de la HBP en pacientes de alto riesgo quirúrgico-anestésico, así como en pacientes seleccionados susceptibles de ser intervenidos en régimen ambulatorio. Consideramos que tanto la incisión transuretral de próstata como la resección transuretral de próstata realizadas bajo anestesia local y sedación son métodos seguros, eficaces y bien tolerados, los cuales, aunque puedan emplearse en pacientes muy seleccionados en régimen de CMA, están fundamentalmente indicados en pacientes años os y cuando el riesgo quirúrgico- anestésico es elevado, ya que pueden ser realizados como cirugía de estadía breve.

La resección transuretral de próstata bajo anestesia local y sedación es segura y bien tolerada / Transurethral resection of the prostate under local anesthesia-sedation

El actual envejecimiento de la población comporta un incremento del número de varones afectados de hiperplasia benigna de próstata (HBP) con diversas enfermedades asociadas que limitan su tratamiento quirúrgico. Por otra parte, la creación de nuevas unidades de cirugía mayor ambulatoria (CMA) en España es un hecho imparable, pues cada vez es mayor el número de servicios de urología que se integran en este sistema organizativo de la asistencia quirúrgica. Con este estudio pretendemos poner de manifiesto la eficacia y seguridad del empleo de anestesia local y sedación para el tratamiento endoscópico de la HBP en pacientes de alto riesgo quirúrgico-anestésico, así como en pacientes seleccionados susceptibles de ser intervenidos en régimen ambulatorio. Consideramos que tanto la incisión transuretral de próstata como la resección transuretral de próstata realizadas bajo anestesia local y sedación son métodos seguros, eficaces y bien tolerados, los cuales, aunque puedan emplearse en pacientes muy seleccionados en régimen de CMA, están fundamentalmente indicados en pacientes años os y cuando el riesgo quirúrgico- anestésico es elevado, ya que pueden ser realizados como cirugía de estadía breve.(AU)

[Green light laser efficacy in patients with prostatic hyperplasia treatment with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors]. / Eficacia de la fotovaporización prostática con láser verde en el tratamiento de la hiperplasia prostática en pacientes en tratamiento con inhibidores de la 5-alfa-reductasa.

INTRODUCTION: High prevalence of BPH and gradual ageing of the population, combined with the existence of effective medical treatments for this condition, has led to an increasing use of surgery in patients on long-term treatment with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs). Initially, patients treated with 5-ARIs were not considered good candidates for photoselective vaporization of the prostate with green laser. OBJECTIVE: To assess, using a retrospective study based on our experience, wheter long-term treatment (longer than 6 months) with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors decreases effectiveness of photoselective vaporization of the prostate with green light laser in BPH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From September 2005 to January 2008, 102 patients underwent photoselective vaporization of the prostate with green light laser. Of these, 25 patients (24.5%) had been treated with 5-ARIs for at least 6 months, and the remaining 77 patients (75.5%) were used as controls. A retrospective study was conducted to compare the pre- and postoperative clinical and functional parameters of patients with and without prior 5-RAI therapy. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found between the treated and control groups in preoperative prostatic volume (50 mL vs 49 mL), IPSS (17.6 vs 17.8), postvoiding residue (16% vs 18%), or PSA (1.4 ng/mL vs 2.2 ng/mL). Similarly, while differences were seen in energy spread (180 kJ vs 175 kJ for the treated and control groups respectively) and operating time (63 min vs 57 min), these were not statistically significant. No between-group differences were found either in clinical or flow rate parameters one month after surgery (IPSS 13.8 vs 14 and Qmax 13.9 mL/s vs 14.5 nL/s in the treated and control groups respectively). Surgeons reported a better visualization of the endoscopic field that was attributed to less bleeding during the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show no statistically significant differences in peroperative and preoperative parameters between patients with and without treatment with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors. We therefore think that photoselective vaporization of the prostate with green light laser is a safe and effective technique in patients treated with 5-ARIs.

Eficacia de la fotovaporización prostática con láser verde en el tratamiento de la hiperplasia prostática en pacientes en tratamiento con inhibidores de la 5-alfa-reductasa / Green light laser efficacy in patients with prostatic hyperplasia treatment with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors

Introducción: El progresivo envejecimiento de la población y la elevada prevalencia de la hiperplasia benigna prostática (HBP), unidos a la existencia de tratamientos médicos efectivos para esta afección, produce que cada vez más indiquemos la cirugía en pacientes tratados a largo plazo con inhibidores de la 5-alfa-reductasa (5ARI). En un principio, los pacientes tratados con 5ARI no se consideraban buenos candidatos para la fotovaporización prostática con láser verde. Objetivo: En el siguiente trabajo, mediante un estudio retrospectivo basado en nuestra experiencia, pretendemos dilucidar si el tratamiento a largo plazo (mas de 6 meses) con inhibidores de la 5ARI reduce la eficacia del tratamiento con láser verde en pacientes afectados de HBP. Material y métodos: Entre septiembre de 2005 y enero de 2008 hemos tratado a 102 pacientes mediante fotovaporización prostática con láser verde, de los que 25 (24,5%) se encontraban en tratamiento con 5ARI durante al menos 6 meses; los otros 77 (75,5%) pacientes formaron el grupo control. Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo en el que comparamos los parámetros clínicos y funcionales pre y postoperatorios de los pacientes tratados con 5ARI respecto a los que no lo estaban. Resultados: No encontramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a volumen prostático (50 cc y 49 cc), IPSS (17,6 y 17,8), residuo posmiccional (16% y 18%) o antígeno prostático específico (PSA) (1,4 ng/ml y 2,2 ng/ml) preoperatorios entre los grupos tratamiento y control, respectivamente. Del mismo modo, si bien existieron diferenciasen cuanto a la energía usada (180 kJ y 175 kJ) y el tiempo quirúrgico empleado (63 min y 57 min), ambas fueron más elevadas en el grupo tratado con 5ARI, estas diferencias no resultaron significativas estadísticamente. Tampoco encontramos diferencias en los parámetros clínicos (IPSS 13,8 y 14 al primer mes) ni flujométricos (Qmáx 13,9 ml/s y 14,5ml/s en la revisión al primer mes) entre pacientes tratados y no tratados. Subjetivamente, se apreció una mejor visualización del campo endoscópico atribuida a un menor sangrado durante la intervención. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados no demuestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre pacientes con y sin tratamiento con inhibidores de la 5ARI en cuanto a parámetros intra y preoperatorios, por lo que pensamos que este tratamiento no disminuye la eficacia de la fotovaporización prostática con láser verde (AU)

Introduction: High prevalence of BPH and gradual ageing of the population, combined with the existence of effective medical treatments for this condition, has led to an increasing use of surgery in patients on long-term treatment with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs). Initially, patients treated with 5-ARIs were not considered good candidates for photoselective vaporization of the prostate with green laser. Objective: To assess, using a retrospective study based on our experience, wheter long-term treatment (longer than 6 months) with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors decreases effectiveness of photoselective vaporization of the prostate with green light laser in BPH. Materials and methods: From September 2005 to January 2008, 102 patients underwent photoselective vaporization of the prostate with green light laser. Of these, 25 patients (24.5%) had been treated with 5-ARIs for at least 6 months, and the remaining 77 patients (75.5%) were used as controls. A retrospective study was conducted to compare the pre and postoperative clinical and functional parameters of patients with and without prior 5-RAI therapy. Results: No statistically significant differences were found between the treated and control groups in preoperative prostatic volume (50 mL vs 49 mL), IPSS (17.6 vs 17.8), postvoiding residue (16% vs 18%), or PSA (1.4 ng/mL vs 2.2 ng/mL). Similarly, while differences were seen in energy spread (180 kJ vs 175 kJ for the treated and control groups respectively) and operating time (63 min vs 57 min), these were not statistically significant. No between group differences were found either in clinical or flow rate parameters one month after surgery (IPSS 13.8 vs 14 and Qmax 13.9mL/s vs 14.5 nL/s in the treated and control groups respectively). Surgeons reported a better visualization of the endoscopic field that was attributed to less bleeding during the procedure. Conclusions: Our results show no statistically significant differences in peroperative and preoperative parameters between patients with and without treatment with 5-alphareductase inhibitors. We therefore think that photoselective vaporization of the prostate with green light laser is a safe and effective technique in patients treated with 5-ARIs (AU)

[Surgical treatment of renal tumours with venous extension]. / Tratamiento quirúrgico del tumor renal con extensión venosa.

OBJECTIVES: Renal carcinoma accounts for 3% of malignant urological tumors. The existence of tumor thrombus in the venous system is more infrequent, and, despite it was believed until recently its presence worsened the diagnosis of the disease, currently it is accepted that in the absence of metastatic or lymph node disease, surgery is the treatment of choice and potentially curative for these tumors. METHODS: Between June 2003 and November 2007 eight patients with renal disease and venous thrombus underwent surgery; two of them wereT3c and six T3b; in five of them surgery was carried out in association with the heart surgery team in our centre. Three of them underwent surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Mean patient age was 56 years. RESULTS: Tumor thrombus was grade I in one patient, grade II in 4 patients, grade III in one patient, and grade IV in two patients. In all patients with tumor grade > or = III, as well as two with grade II, surgery was performed in conjunction with the department of heart surgery. The operation with extracorporeal circulation, deep hypothermia, cardioplegia, and antegrade and retrograde brain perfusion was performed in grades III and IV. Midline incision was performed, with or without sternotomy, depending on the level of the thrombus. Hemorrhage was the most frequent perioperative complication. DISCUSSION: It is essential to know the exact level of the cephalic extreme of the tumor thrombus to design the proper surgical strategy; for that, we can use MRI, CT scan or ultrasound. Therefore, surgical approach, multidisciplinary cooperation and use of extracorporeal circulation will depend on such extension of the thrombus and concurrent factors of the patient. A good surgical strategy, as well as early surgery may avoid the use of venous filters preoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Venous wall invasion seems to be related with a greater incidence of lymph node disease, but these patients are candidates to intention-to-cure radical surgery. Thrombus level is not a prognostic factor per se, but it should be taken into consideration for surgical planning. After radical surgery survival rates achieved are similar to those of tumors without venous thrombus.

Tratamiento quirúrgico del tumor renal con extensión venosa / Our experience in treatment of renal tumours with venous involvement

OBJETIVO: El carcinoma renal supone un 3% de los tumores malignos urol¨®gicos. M¨¢s infrecuente es la existencia de trombo tumoral dentro del sistema venoso y, si bien hasta hace poco se pensaba que su existencia ensombrec¨ªa el pron¨®stico de esta enfermedad, actualmente se acepta que en ausencia de enfermedad metast¨¢sica o ganglionar, la cirug¨ªa es el tratamiento de elecci¨®n y potencialmente curativo para estos tumores.MÉTODOS: Entre junio de 2003 y noviembre de 2007 hemos intervenido un total de 8 pacientes con enfermedad renal y trombo venoso, de los cuales 2 eran T3c y seis T3b, cinco de ellos fueron intervenidos junto con el servicio de cirug¨ªa cardiaca de nuestro centro. Tres de ellos fueron intervenidos con circulaci¨®n extracorp¨®rea (CEC). La media de edad de los pacientes fue de 56 años.RESULTADOS: El trombo tumoral era grado I en un paciente, grado II en 4 pacientes, grado III en 1 paciente y grado IV en dos pacientes. Todos los pacientes con grado tumoral igual o mayor de III, as¨ª como dos grado II, fueron intervenidos conjuntamente con el servicio de cirug¨ªa cardiaca, realizando en los grado III y IV la intervenci¨®n con circulaci¨®n extracorp¨®rea, hipotermia profunda con parada cardiorrespiratoria y perfusi¨®n cerebral anter¨®grada y retr¨®grada. Se realiz¨® incisi¨®n media con o sin estereotom¨ªa media dependiendo del nivel del trombo. La complicaci¨®n m¨¢s frecuente acaecida peroperatoriamente fue la hemorragia.DISCUSIÓN: Es esencial conocer el nivel exacto de la extensi¨®n cef¨¢lica del trombo tumoral para diseñar una adecuada estrategia quir¨²rgica, para lo que nos podemos valer de la resonancia magn¨¦tica (RM), de la tomograf¨ªa computerizada (TC) y de la ecocardiograf¨ªa. As¨ª el abordaje quir¨²rgico, la colaboraci¨®n multidisciplinar y el empleo de CEC depender¨¢ de dicha extensi¨®n y de los factores concomitantes presentes en el enfermo. Una buena estrategia quir¨²rgica, as¨ª como una cirug¨ªa temprana pueden evitar el uso de filtros venosos de forma preoperatoria

CONCLUSIONES: La invasión de la pared venosa parece estar relacionada con una mayor incidencia de enfermedad ganglionar, pero estos pacientes son candidatos a la cirugía radical con intención curativa. El nivel del trombo, si bien puede dificultar la cirug¨ªa, no es un factor pron¨®stico per se, y si debe ser tenido en cuenta para la planificaci¨®n quir¨²rgica. Tras la cirug¨ªa radical se alcanzan cifras de supervivencia superponibles a los tumores sin trombo venoso tumoral(AU)

OBJECTIVES: Renal carcinoma accounts for 3% of malignant urological tumors. The existence of tumor thrombus in the venous system is more infrequent, and, despite it was believed until recently its presence worsened the diagnosis of the disease, currently it is accepted that in the absence of metastatic or lymph node disease, surgery is the treatment of choice and potentially curative for these tumors.METHODS: Between June 2003 and November 2007 eight patients with renal disease and venous thrombus underwent surgery; two of them wereT3c and six T3b; in five of them surgery was carried out in association with the heart surgery team in our centre. Three of them underwent surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Mean patient age was 56 years.RESULTS: Tumor thrombus was grade I in one patient, grade II in 4 patients, grade III in one patient, and grade IV in two patients. In all patients with tumor grade ¡Ý III, as well as two with grade II, surgery was performed in conjunction with the department of heart surgery. The operation with extracorporeal circulation, deep hypothermia, cardioplegia, and antegrade and retrograde brain perfusion was performed in grades III and IV. Midline incision was performed, with or without sternotomy, depending on the level of the thrombus. Hemorrhage was the most frequent perioperative complication.DISCUSSION: It is essential to know the exact level of the cephalic extreme of the tumor thrombus to design the proper surgical strategy; for that, we can use MRI, CT scan or ultrasound. Therefore, surgical approach, multidisciplinary cooperation and use of extracorporeal circulation will depend on such extension of the thrombus and concurrent factors of the patient. A good surgical strategy, as well as early surgery may avoid the use of venous filters preoperatively(AU)

CONCLUSIONS: Venous wall invasion seems to be related with a greater incidence of lymph node disease, but these patients are candidates to intention-to-cure radical surgery. Thrombus level is not a prognostic factor per se, but it should be taken into consideration for surgical planning. After radical surgery survival rates achieved are similar to those of tumors without venous thrombus(AU)

[Penile cellulitis after oral sex]. / Celulitis de pene tras sexo oral.

OBJECTIVE: Nowadays, there is the high prevalence of sexual intercourse including oral sex, which implies some peculiarities in the infections, balanitis and ceIlulitis they may produce. METHODS: We report two new cases of penile cellulitis treated in the urology department in our hospital. DISCUSSION: We review the indications of prophylaxis, and the medical and surgical treatment both referred in the literature and carried out in our patients. CONCLUSIONS: When dealing with balanitis and penile cellulitis, the history should include explicit references to the practice of oral sex. Early medical or surgical treatment has a favourable influence on the evolution of the lesions.

Celulitis de pene tras sexo oral / Penile cellulitis after oral sex

Objetivo: En la actualidad la prevalencia de relaciones sexuales en las que se incluye sexo oral es elevada, esto conlleva una serie de peculiaridades en las infecciones, balanopostitis y celulitis, que pueden producirse en relación con estas prácticas. Métodos: Aportamos 2 nuevos casos de celulitis peneana tratados en el Servicio de Urología de nuestro hospital. Discusión: Revisamos las indicaciones de profilaxis, tratamiento médico y quirúrgico referidas en la literatura y practicadas en nuestros pacientes. Conclusiones: La anamnesis ante balanopostitis y celulitis peneanas, debe incluir referencias explícitas a la práctica de sexo oral. La precocidad en el tratamiento, tanto médico como quirúrgico, influye favorablemente en la evolución de las lesiones (AU)

Objective: Nowadays, there is the high prevalence of sexual intercourse including oral sex, which implies some peculiarities in the infections, balanitis and cellulitis they may produce. Methods: We report two new cases of penile cellulitis treated in the urology department in our hospital. Discussion: We review the indications of prophylaxis, and the medical and surgical treatment both referred in the literature and carried out in our patients. Conclusions: When dealing with balanitis and penile cellulitis, the history should include explicit references to the practice of oral sex. Early medical or surgical treatment has a favourable influence on the evolution of the lesions (AU)

[Urinary lithiasis secondary to medication in HIV+ patients receiving Indinavir]. / Litiasis medicamentosa en pacientes VIH+ en tratamiento con Indinavir.

OBJECTIVES: Therapy with protease inhibitors is commonly used in patients infected by human inmunodeficency virus (HIV). 20% of the administered dose is excreted by the kidney, and when alkaline urine is present, indinavir may crystallize forming stones and patients may experience renal colic due to this fact. METHODS: Between January 1998 and June 2005, 26 patients receiving antiretroviral treatment with protease inhibitors received care at our hospital because of renal colic or flank pain. All of them underwent physical examination, echography and urography as well as blood and urine analysis. Patients were treated ambulatory excepting those in whom oral analgesics were insufficient to control the pain. RESULTS: All patients had been treated with indinavir for longer than 12 months. They represented 4% of all patients treated with the recommended dose of Crivixan. Most of them presented flank pain, associated in most cases to microhaematuria. Five of them required hospitalization because of persistent pain in spite of endovenous analgesia. Imaging tests (echography and urography) showed functional delay of the kidney (2 cases), ureteral stasis (4 cases) and little lithiasic concretions of mild radiologic density (5 cases). Urinalysis revealed suggestive christaluria and alkaline pH. All patients required hidratation and analgesic treatment. In 3 patients indinavir dose was reduced, it was retired in another one, and 100 mg of rito-navir were added in another one. Unsuccesfuly ureteral cateterization was tried in one patient. All of them presented symptomatic improvement. CONCLUSIONS: We ought to know the capability of indinavir to form urolithiasis in HIV patients treated with protease inhibitors, although its use is decreasing along time. Prevalence of urolithiasis in these patients seems to be higher as length of treatment becomes longer. Metabolic alterations in urine have been proved in these patients, contributing to a higher incidence of lithiasis than in general population.

Litiasis medicamentosa en pacientes Vih+ eb tratamietno con Indinavir / Urinary lithiasis secondary to medication in HIV+patients receiving Indinavir

Objetivo: Los antirretrovirales inhibidores de la proteasa (IP) son fármacos utilizados en el tratamiento de pacientes afectos por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Un 20% de la dosis administrada se excreta por el riñón, que en presencia de orina alcalina puede precipitar formando cristales del propio fármaco susceptibles de provocar crisis renoureterales. Métodos: Entre enero del 1998 y junio de 2005 hemos atendido en nuestro centro a 26 pacientes con síntomas de urolitiasis y bajo el tratamiento con antirretrovirales IP. Todos ellos fueron sometidos a exploración física minuciosa, ecografía renoureteral y vesical, urografía intravenosa. Así mismo, se realizó análisis de sangre y anormales y sedimento de orina. Los pacientes fueron tratados ambulatoriamente, salvo aquellos en los que la analgesia con AINEs no fue suficiente para el control del cuadro álgico. Resultados: Todos los pacientes llevaban más de 12 meses de tratamiento con Indinavir. Los 26 pacientes con síntomas de nefrolitiasis representaban un 4% de los sujetos tratados con la dosis recomendada de Crivixan®. La mayoría presentaron dolor en fosa renal casi siempre asociado a microhematuria. De ellos, cinco pacientes requirieron ingreso en nuestra unidad por clínica no controlable de forma ambulatoria. Las pruebas diagnósticas (ecografía y/o UIV) revelaron retraso funcional del riñón (2 casos), ectasia de vía (8 casos) y pequeñas concreciones litiásicas de escasa o nula densidad cálcica (5 casos). El análisis urinario mostró cristaluria sugestiva y un pH alcalino. Todos requirieron tratamiento analgésico e hidratación. En tres casos se redujo la dosis de indinavir, en otro se retiró la medicación y en otro se añadieron 100 mgr de ritonavir. En un caso se intento cateterismo ureteral infructuosamente. La evolución fue satisfactoria en todos ellos. Conclusiones: Es preciso conocer la posibilidad de litiasis medicamentosa en pacientes HIV tratados con IP, si bien, afortunadamente, cada vez se emplean menos. La prevalencia de urolitiasis en los VIH + parece más elevada en función del tiempo de tratamiento con indinavir. Se han observado alteraciones metabólicas en la orina de estos pacientes que contribuyen a una mayor incidencia de litiasis que en la población general (AU)

Objectives: Therapy with protease inhibitors is commonly used in patients infected by human inmunodeficency virus (HIV). 20% of the administered dose is excreted by the kidney, and when alkaline urine is present , indinavir may crystallize forming stones and patients may experience renal colic due to this fact. Methods: Between January 1998 and June 2005, 26 patients receiving antiretroviral treatment with protease inhibitors received care at our hospital because of renal colic or flank pain. All of them underwent physical examination, echography and urography as well as blood and urine analysis. Patients were treated ambulatory excepting those in whom oral analgesics were insufficient to control the pain. Results: All patients had been treated with indinavir for longer than 12 months. They represented 4% of all patients treated with the recommended dose of Crivixan ®. Most of them presented flank pain, associated in most cases to microhaematuria. Five of them required hospitalization because of persistent pain in spite of endovenous analgesia. Imaging tests (echography and urography) showed functional delay of the kidney (2 cases), ureteral stasis (4 cases) and little lithiasic concretions of mild radiologic density (5 cases). Urinalysis revealed suggestive christaluria and alkaline pH. All patients required hidratation and analgesic treatment. In 3 patients indinavir dose was reduced, it was retired in another one, and 100mg of rito-navir were added in another one. Unsuccesfuly ureteral cateterization was tried in one patient. All of them presen-ted symptomatic improvement. Conclusions: We ought to know the capability of indinavir to form urolithiasis in HIV patients treated with protease inhibitors, although its use is decreasing along time. Prevalence of urolithiasis in these patients seems to be higher as length of treatment becomes longer. Metabolic alterations in urine have been proved in these patients, contributing to a higher incidence of lithiasis than in general population (AU)

La Meatoplastia dorsal para el tratamiento de la estenosis de meato en pacientes con balanitis xerótica obliterante / Dorsal meatoplasty for the treatment of meatal stenosis in patients with balanitis xerotica obliterans

OBJETIVO: Poner de manifiesto nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la estenosis de meato secundaria a balanitis xerótica obliterante mediante la técnica de meatoplastia dorsal. MÉTODOS: Hemos realizado meatoplastia dorsal a 15 pacientes afectos de estenosis de meato balánico secundaria a liquen escleroso y atrófico. Todos los casos fueron intervenidos bajo anestesia local realizando plastia mediante incisión en V invertida según la técnica original de Malone. RESULTADOS: En todos los pacientes intervenidos se objetivó una mejoría flujométrica así como un excelente resultado estético y escasa incidencia de micción dispersa, existiendo un elevado índice de satisfacción evaluado mediante la realización de un cuestionario. CONCLUSIONES: La meatoplastia dorsal con incisión en V invertida es una técnica de fácil ejecución, que permite ser realizada bajo anestesia local, evita la aparición de hipospadias postoperatorio y proporciona excelentes resultados estéticos y funcionales con un bajo índice de recidivas, por lo que consideramos que debe de incluirse en la cartera de procedimientos habituales del urólogo (AU)

OBJECTIVES: To present our experience in the treatment of meatal stenosis secondary to balanitis xerotica obliterans with the dorsal meatoplasty technique. METHODS: We have performed dorsal meatoplasty in 15 patients suffering stenosis of the penile meatus secondary to balanitis xerotica obliterans. All cases were performed under local anesthesia, using an inverted V incision plasty following the original of technique from Malone. RESULTS: All patients showed an improvement in uroflowmetry as well as an excellent aesthetic result, with low incidence of scattered urinary stream; there was a high satisfaction index evaluated by a questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: Dorsal meatoplasty with inverted V incision is an easy-to-perform technique, which may be done under local anesthesia, avoids the development of post-operative hypospadias, and achieves excellent aesthetic and functional results with a low recurrence rate; therefore, we consider it should be included in the list of frequently performed procedures of the urologist (AU)

[Dorsal meatoplasty for the treatment of meatal stenosis in patients with balanitis xerotica obliterans]. / La meatoplastia dorsal para el tratamiento de la estenosis de meato en pacientes con balanitis xerótica obliterante.

OBJECTIVES: To present our experience in the treatment of meatal stenosis secondary to balanitis xerotica obliterans with the dorsal meatoplasty technique. METHODS: We have performed dorsal meatoplasty in 15 patients suffering stenosis of the penile meatus secondary to balanitis xerotica obliterans. All cases were performed under local anesthesia, using an inverted V incision plasty following the original of technique from Malone. RESULTS: All patients showed an improvement in uroflowmetry as well as an excellent aesthetic result, with low incidence of scattered urinary stream; there was a high satisfaction index evaluated by a questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: Dorsal meatoplasty with inverted V incision is an easy-to-perform technique, which may be done under local anesthesia, avoids the development of post-operative hypospadias, and achieves excellent aesthetic and functional results with a low recurrence rate; therefore, we consider it should be included in the list of frequently performed procedures of the urologist.

[Orthotopic bladder substitution in the treatment of interstitial cystitis]. / Sustitución vesical ortotópica en el tratamiento de la cistitis intersticial.

OBJECTIVES: To point out the efficacy of supra trigonal cystectomy with orthotopic substitution iliocystoplasty in the treatment of advanced interstitial cystitis (IC). METHODS: We study the results obtained in four women suffering IC nonrespondent to conservative treatment who underwent the procedure. All patients comply with classic diagnostic criteria of IC, presenting long-lasting symptoms, between 4 and 8 years (mean 5.6), and voiding frequency of near one-hour day and night. RESULTS: Mean postoperative follow-up was 32 months (18 to 56); post operative evaluation included clinical evaluation, ultrasound, urodynamic studies, and radiological tests. Suprapubic pain disappeared in all cases, as well as pre-op lower urinary tract symptoms, with good control of urinary frequency day and night being evident in the immediate postoperative period. All patients referred high satisfaction with the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: When conservative treatment fails, supratrigonal cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder substitution is a valid therapeutic option in IC patients who comply with classic diagnostic criteria.

Sustitución vesical ortotópica en el tratamiento de la cystitis intersticial / Orthotopic bladder substitution in the treatment of interstitial cystitis

OBJETIVOSPoner de manifiesto la eficacia de la cistectomía supratrigonal e ileocistoplastia de sustitución ortotópica en el tratamiento de la cistitis intersticial (CI) avanzada. METODOSSe estudian los resultados obtenidos en cuatro mujeres afectas de CI que no respondieron a medidas conservadoras y fueron tratadas mediante esta técnica quirúrgica. Todas las pacientes cumplían los criterios clásicos de la enfermedad, presentado todas ellas una sintomatología de larga evolución, que osciló entre los 4 y 8 años (media 5´6), y presentaban una frecuencia miccional prácticamente horaria, tanto diurna como nocturna. RESULTADOSEl seguimiento postoperatorio medio fue de 32 meses (rango de 18 a 56), habiéndose realizado evaluación postquirúrgica, tanto clínica como ecográfica, urodinámica y radiológica. En todos los casos desapareció el dolor suprapúbico así como la sintomatología miccional previa, controlando todas ellas la frecuencia miccional, tanto diurna como nocturna, siendo evidente la desaparición de los síntomas ya en el postoperatorio inmediato, refiriendo todas las pacientes un elevado índice de satisfacción con los resultados de su intervención. CONCLUSIONESEn pacientes afectos de CI que cumplen los criterios clásicos del diagnóstico de la enfermedad, cuando fracasan las medidas conservadoras, la cistectomía supratrigonal con sustitución vesical ortotópica constituye una opción terapéutica válida

OBJECTIVES: To point out the efficacy of ;;supra trigonal cystectomy with orthotopic substitution ;;iliocystoplasty in the treatment of advanced interstitial ;;cystitis (IC). ;;METHODS: We study the results obtained in four ;;women suffering IC nonrespondent to conservative ;;treatment who underwent the procedure. All patients ;;comply with classic diagnostic criteria of IC, presenting ;;long-lasting symptoms, between 4 and 8 years (mean ;;5.6), and voiding frequency of near one-hour day and ;;night. ;;RESULTS: Mean postoperative follow-up was 32 months (18 to 56); post operative evaluation included clinical evaluation, ultrasound, urodynamic studies, and radiological tests. Suprapubic pain disappeared in all cases, as well as pre-op lower urinary tract symptoms, with good control of urinary frequency day and night being evident in the immediate postoperative period. All patients referred high satisfaction with the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: When conservative treatment fails, supratrigonal cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder substitution is a valid therapetuic option in IC patients who comply with classic diagnostic criteria

[Genitourinary tuberculosis in the urologic works of Professor Rafael Mollá Rodrigo]. / La tuberculosis genitourinaria en la obra urológica del profe- sor Rafael Mollá Rodrigo (1862--1930). Análisis documental histórico de su obra.

OBJECTIVES: Professor Rafael Molla Rodrigo is considered by some the author who contributed with his scientific work and solid technique to consolidate Urology as a speciality in Valencia. Such importance is also perceived in a national level, as demonstrated by the fact that he belonged to the first board of the Spanish Association of Urology and contributed to its foundation in the two-year period 1910--1911, from his position of head of the department of Surgical Therapy and Operations at the Central University. Genitourinary tuberculosis is one of the most outstanding chapters of his extensive works. METHODS: We reviewed all his works, selecting all original articles about genitourinary tuberculosis. Original articles have been obtained from the journals Revista de Higiene y Tuberculosis, La Medicina Valenciana, Revista Valenciana de Ciencias Médicas y Policínica, and from his two most important books, Clinical Lessons In Urology and Clinical Lessons in Urology and Genitourinary Surgery. RESULTS: Throughout his work he analyzes features of relevance about this disease, such as diagnosis, about which he emphasizes the clinical and bacteriological difficulties, and treatment, which was only feasible by precocious nephrectomy. CONCLUSIONS: He dedicates a great part of his work to the study of this pathology and defends a precocious diagnosis in order to perform the only treatment that had demonstrated efficacy. He also exposes the symptoms and variety of clinical presentations, as well as diagnosis through separate kidney catheterization with the aim to determine unilateral involvement.

[Management of male sterility in patients taking anabolic steroids]. / Manejo de la esterilidad masculina en pacientes consumidores de esteroides anabolizantes.

OBJECTIVES/METHODS: To review the incidence of male infertility secondary to intake of anabolic products and our experience and outcomes with treatment. There is a variety of such substances (testosterone, nandrolone, stanozolol, etc.) in their intake may be unique or combinations, both orally or parenterally. Comparisons between patients and case series are difficult because of the hiding of this practice and various consumption practices and doses employed. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Most of the patients recover normal spermatogenesis does by stopping intake of anabolic substances. The period of time until recovery is 6.35 months. Patients not recovering after six months were given tamoxifen 20 mg/24-hour, if having a normal or inhibited hypothalamus-hypophysis axis. Duration of abuse, doses, and anarchical consumption maderesponse to treatment with antiestrogen drugs or gonadotropins unpredictable in patients not responding to conservative treatment.

La tuberculosis genitourinaria en la obra urológica del profesor Rafael Mollá Rodrigo (1862-1930). Análisis documental histórico de su obra / Genitourinary tuberculosis in the urologic works of Professor Rafael Molla Rodrigo

OBJETIVO: El profesor Rafael Mollá Rodrigo está considerado por diversos autores, el autor que contribuyó con su obra científica y solidez técnica a consolidar la urología como especialidad en Valencia. Dicha importancia también se percibe a nivel nacional, como demuestra el hecho que perteneciese a la primera junta directiva de la Asociación Española de Urología y contribuyese a su fundación en el bienio 1910-1911, desde su cátedra de terapéutica quirúrgica y operaciones en la universidad central. La tuberculosis genitourinaria es uno de los capítulos más destacados de su extensa obra. MÉTODOS: Hemos revisado toda su obra, extrayendo todos los artículos originales en materia de tuberculosis genitourinaria. Los artículos originales han sido obtenidos de la Revista de Higiene y Tuberculosis, La Medicina Valenciana, Revista Valenciana de Ciencias Médicas y Policlínica, y de sus dos libros más importantes, Lecciones Clínicas de Urología y Lecciones Clínicas de Urología y Cirugía Genitourinaria. RESULTADOS: Analiza a lo largo de su obra aspectos tan relevantes como el diagnóstico, donde resalta las dificultades tanto clínicas como bacteriológicas y tratamiento de esta enfermedad, por entonces solo factible mediante la nefrectomía precoz. CONCLUSIONES: Dedica gran parte de su obra al estudio de esta patología y defiende un diagnóstico precoz para aplicar el único tratamiento que ha demostrado su efectividad. También expone la sintomatología y sus variadas formas clínicas, así como el diagnóstico a través del cateterismo de ambos riñones, con la finalidad de determinar la unilateralidad de la lesión (AU)

OBJECTIVES: Professor Rafael Molla Rodrigo is considered by some the author who contributed with his scientific work and solid technique to consolidate Urology as a speciality in Valencia. Such importance is also perceived in a national level, as demonstrated by the fact that he belonged to the first board of the Spanish Association of Urology and contributed to its foundation in the two-year period 1910-1911, from his position of head of the department of Surgical Therapy and Operations at the Central University. Genitourinary tuberculosis is one of the most outstanding chapters of his extensive works. METHODS: We reviewed all his works, selecting all original articles about genitourinary tuberculosis. Original articles have been obtained from the journals Revista de Higiene y Tuberculosis, La Medicina Valenciana, Revista Valenciana de Ciencias Médicas y Policínica, and from his two most important books, Clinical Lessons In Urology and Clinical Lessons in Urology and Genitourinary Surgery. RESULTS: Throughout his work he analyzes features of relevance about this disease, such as diagnosis, about which he emphasizes the clinical and bacteriological difficulties, and treatment, which was only feasible by precocious nephrectomy. CONCLUSIONS: He dedicates a great part of his work to the study of this pathology and defends a precocious diagnosis in order to perform the only treatment that had demonstrated efficacy. He also exposes the symptoms and variety of clinical presentations, as well as diagnosis through separate kidney catheterization with the aim to determine unilateral involvement (AU)

[Spontaneous recanalization of the vas deferent after vasectomy: report of 2 new cases. Bibliographic review]. / Recanauzación espontánea tras vasectomía: a propósito de 2 nuevos casos. Revisión de la literatura.

OBJECTIVES: Vasectomy is a low morbidity and high efficacy surgical method. A small percentage of cases may have paternity after surgery as a complication. METHODS: We reviewed all patients who underwent vasectomy at our department from 1995 to 1999 (n = 1492), defining technical failure as pregnancy or no disappearance of spermatozoids in the follow-up sperm analysis. RESULTS: We found 2 cases; one of them did not have a negative sperm test after three months, the other one's wife became pregnant after previous azoospermia. Both patients showed granulomas in the pathologic report after a second operation. CONCLUSIONS: Vasectomy is a surgical technique that may have a failure rate close to 2%. Paternity after the operation may appear even after several years. Several authors report the existence of granulomas in those cases in which spontaneous recanalization appears. In our series it was a constant.

[Seminal vesicle cyst. Report of one case and bibliography review]. / Quiste de vesícula seminal. A propósito de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

OBJECTIVES: We report one case of seminal vesicle cyst with ectopic drainage of the left ureter. We performed a bibliographic review of this pathology. METHODS: 23-year-old patient who presented several episodes of acute epididymitis. Complementary study showed a retroprostatic cystic structure on transrectal ultrasound. Surgical treatment with resection of the cystic structure was proposed. RESULTS: The clinical picture which caused the process was solved and the patient keeps his fertility. CONCLUSIONS: This is a rather infrequent pathology that urologists should know. We bring up the need of performing complementary studies in pathologies that in spite of seeming banal do not progress satisfactorily.

[Treatment of urethral stenosis by self expandable endourethral prosthesis. Long-term results]. / Tratamiento de la estenosis de uretra mediante prótesis endouretral autoexpansible. Resultados a largo plazo.

OBJECTIVES: Urethral stenosis is a frequent disease in males. The variable results of its treatment have prompted the surgeon to search for new therapeutic alternatives. We propose to treat it by self expandable endourethral prosthesis. METHODS: Since February 1993 to March 2000 48 patients with urethral stenosis previously treated with endoscopic urethrotomy have undergone the procedure. RESULTS: All patients completed a minimum of 3 years of follow-up. Patients lost to follow-up for any cause were not included in the final study description. All patients had satisfactory micturition at the time of discharge. Mean flow on uroflowmetry at three years was higher than 14 ml/ s in 87.5% (42/48 patients evaluated). CONCLUSIONS: The use of self expandable endourethral prosthesis is a valid alternative in the treatment of recurrent urethral strictures due to its good long-term results and low morbidity. We recommend not using it in cases of traumatic etiology.